A Biography of Indian Yellow Essay

Indian Yellow is a raw pigment which, as the name suggests, originated in India in the 17th century and was used until the early 20th century. Its source remained a mystery for many years. In 1786 the amateur painter, Roger Dewhurst recorded in letters to friends, that Indian yellow was an organic substance made from the urine of animals fed on turmeric (Myers, pg 1). Around this time, the English chemist George Field claimed it was made from camel urine. In 1839, J.F.L. Merimee, denied its association with urine in spite of its odor, citing its origin was a shrub called ‘memecylon tinctorium’ in his book ‘The Art of Painting in Oil and Fresco’, In 1886 the Journal of the Society of Arts in London began a systematic inquiry of the pigment, revealing that Indian yellow was manufactured in rural India (in particular in Monghyr, a city in Bengal) from the urine of cattle fed only on mango leaves and water (Finlay, pg 216-217). The collected urine was heated in order to precipitate the yellow matter, then strained, pressed into lumps by hand and dried, producing foul-smelling hard yellow balls of raw pigment, called ‘purree’ (Mukharji, pg 16-17). European importers would then wash and purify the balls, separating greenish and yellow phases. It is the mango not the urine that’s crucial to the color. The colorant is a magnesium salt of an organic acid released by the mango. Chemically it is magnesium euxanthate, the magnesium salt of euxanthic acid. See more: My Writing Process Essay Naturally, the cows that were exploited by this process were extremely undernourished. In part because mango leaves did not supply the cattle with sufficient nutrients along with the fact that these leaves contain the toxin urushiol, also found in poison ivy. In 1908, British law (which applied to colonized India) prohibited the production of Indian yellow, citing the torture of sacred animals. The pigment is believed to have first been used in Europe by Dutch artists in the 17th century (the Dutch having extensive trading links with India by then) and by the end of the 18th century across Europe in watercolor and oil painting. For the first years of its introduction in the European market, this pigment was simply named after its country of origin, ‘Purà ©e of India’(Finlay, pg 209-211). This was further simplified to ‘jaune indien’ (French), ‘giallo indiano’ (Italian), ‘Indischgelb’ (German) or ‘Indian Yellow’ when tr anslated into other languages (Myers, pg 1). Deep, clear and luminescent, it was favored for its great body and depth of tone. It had a peculiar characteristic in its watercolor form of fading in artificial light and in the dark but being fairly stable in direct sunlight. In its oil form, it requires one hundred percent for grinding, dries slowly, and the addition of varnish improves its drying, in fact its lightfastness is also improved when it is isolated between layers of varnish. Dutch and Flemish painters of the 17th and 18th centuries favored it for its translucent qualities often using it to represent sunlight. Beautiful as the color is, the pigment was said to be foul-smelling in its raw form. In the novel ‘Girl With the Pearl Earring’ Vermeer’s patron remarks that Vermeer used â€Å"cow piss† to paint his wife, the pigment referred to was Indian Yellow. By the early twentieth century the pigment was no longer available, although its modern substitutes are still sold under the name â€Å"Indian yellow†. Bibliography 1. Baer, N.S., â€Å"Indian Yellow† in â€Å"Artists’ Pigments, a Handbook of Their History and Characteristics†, Volume 1, R.L. Feller, Editor, Oxford University Press, New York (1986) 2. Finlay, Victoria, â€Å"Color: A NAtural History of the Palette† (2003 edition), Random House 3. Merimee, M.J.F.L., â€Å"The Art of Painting in Oil and Fresco† (2009 edition), Kessinger Publishing 4. Mukharji, T.N., â€Å"Piuri or Indian Yellow†, Journal of the Society of Arts (1883-84) 5. Myers, David, â€Å"Indian Yellow†, The Art Blog of David Myers (February 1, 2011) http://toxicgraphix.blogspot.com/2011/02/indian-yellow.html 6. â€Å"Indian Yellow†, Pigments Through the Ages, webexhibits.org http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/indianyellow.html

History and Influences of Mexican Americans and the United States Essay

Looking around the United States. it is non difficult to see the influence that Spanish-speaking states. viz. Mexico. hold had on us. Every twenty-four hours we see marks in Spanish. We hear it as we walk through the streets of Madison and Milwaukee. We feel the impact it has on us in our public school system. We besides see the contention it causes on the intelligence. What I will be trying to research in this paper is the beginnings of Mexican Americans and their continuing influence on the United States. I believe it is of import to first understand the history of the relationship between Americans and Mexicans to understand the preconceived impressions many Americans have towards Mexico. Although both states are technically â€Å"Americas† . for the continuance of the paper I will mention to the United States as America. After winning its independency from Spain. Mexico foremost had large-scale contact with Americans during the early 1800s when Americans were migrating further west to what is present twenty-four hours Texas. Mexico allowed these citizens to shack despite the tenseness and clash that was constructing between Whites. Indians and Mexicans in these districts. Texas citizens declared themselves an independent state. and due to the United States acknowledgment of such. a war was prompted between the United States and Mexico. Mexico lost the war every bit good as its districts in North America. Mexican citizens who stayed behind in the lost districts became American citizens ( Marger. 2012 ) . One of the things that ever confounded me about racism in the South. and provinces like Arizona. is the complete indifference or ignorance of this fact. I have ever wondered how the White Supremacist mentality plants when Mexican Americans have a natural lineage in these provinces and were the first citizens of these provinces. How can we still see bumper spines that say â€Å"Learn English or Travel Home† . or â€Å"Go back to your ain country† when the first citizens of these provinces were Mexicans? I believe that a cause for this is the deficiency of accent of early Mexican American history taught in schools. I I believe that if this were emphasized. these specific ethnocentric statements would be dispelled earlier. Immigration of Mexicans and other Hispanics to America is non traveling to halt. so to disregard their political influence would be foolish. Demographics are demoing that the Hispanic population is on the rise. There are an estimated 6. 6 million illegal immigrants from Mexico entirely shacking in the United States ( Marger. 2012 ) . The European American population. although still the largest in size. worsening. ( Marger. 2012 ) . Since there are an increasing sum of people in the United States who are a assorted race. such as myself who is portion Mexican American. true Numberss of those who identify as portion Hispanic are non yet known. ( Marger. 2012 ) . I believe that due to this. it is more important than of all time to understand what sort of influence Mexican Americans will hold on the socioeconomic and political construction of the hereafter America. Equally much as certain groups of people would desire to deny the influence of Mexican civilization. every bit good as that of other Spanish-speaking ethnicities on the United States. the population statistics. ( every bit good as the 2012 Election consequences. in my sentiment ) prove otherwise. Spanish americans are the largest minority group ( Naumann. Benet-Martinez. Espinoza 2013 ) . and it is estimated that by 2050. 46 % of the United States population will be Latino. ( Marger. 2012 ) . Insofar as political influence is concerned. 2008 held 19. 5 million registered Hispanic electors. and it is estimated that 23. 7 million registered electors were Latino in the 2012 election. To more specifically mention the influence of Mexican Americans in today’s vote universe. there are 33 million Mexican Americans in the United States and 73 % of them were born in America ( Naumann. et al 2013 ) . Despite efforts of the Republican Party to capture the ballot of Latino Americans. 70 % of them are still voting Democratic. ( Naumann. et al 2013 ) . Although Cubans tend to vote chiefly more for Republicans. the larger population of Mexican Americans is still voting for Democrats. ( Naumann. et al 2013 ) . By analysing these informations. I can merely reason that the desperate demand for the Latino ballot from the GOP is the exclusive intent of the being of Marco Rubio in modern political relations. A inquiry arises. every bit much as Mexican Americans influence us. how much do we act upon them? The reply would hold to depend on how in favour they are of assimilation. Surveies have shown that most Mexican American young person would prefer a â€Å"biculturism† signifier of socialization. preferring to keep on to their cultural imposts but besides to encompass new American 1s ( Naumann. et al 2013 ) . It was besides shown in these surveies that the more deep-routed Mexican Americans tend to be in their ethnicity. that the likelier they are to vote liberally ( Naumann. et al 2013 ) . Understanding Mexican Americans function in the workplace presently will besides assist explicate motives as to how they vote and continue to act upon the remainder of America. A survey published in 2005 showed that Mexicans. while populating in Mexico. have fewer outlooks for promotion in the workplace. including to upper-management places. This leads them to believe there are less signifiers of favoritism based on age. sex and ethnicity ( Bennington. Wagman. Stallone. 2005 ) . Although these surveies were done for Mexicans. non Mexican Americans. I believe that during the newest moving ridge of in-migration this attitude could transport over. which could explicate at least one ground that despite the big population. there are non heaping sums of Mexican Americans in high-level places. For work life itself. harmonizing to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Mexican Americans have at big suffered the same impact of the recession other ethnicities have suffered. holding Unemployment top outing strongly in the 2009-2011 old ages and merely now in 2013 get downing to do a recovery ( Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013 ) . I believe this relates to the influence Mexican Americans have on us because since newer immigrants do non seek power every bit rapidly as other cultural groups. it can take to certain biass of them being unmotivated. which in bend would act upon behaviour of White Americans to handle them as subsidiaries. In summing up. I believe that educating the true history of Mexican Americans ( such as their beginning as fall ining the US as citizens after the Mexican War ) . can assist halt certain signifiers of bias. every bit good as assisting Americans to recognize that they are an ever-increasing demographic that is non traveling off anytime shortly. Their influence is turning in US Politics. and this will hold to be recognized if certain political groups wish to last in the new century. I believe that if there is more respect given to them while they are a minority group. the more regard they will give to White America one time Whites lose their position as the dominant cultural group.

Advocacy for Seniors

Deborah Casino-Dears Advocacy is defined as a person who advocates on the behalf of an individual or a group. The advocate provides the client support at helping the client resolve issues that affects his or hers daily life (Barky, 2007). Advocating for seniors with Alchemist's that face issues with their, health and overall wellbeing. This disease threatens millions of lives every day.The disease not only affects the patient but the Emily of the patient as well (Alchemist's Association, n. D. ). The affect can be mentally as well as financially. As advocate you stay on top of policies and legislation issues and help elevate the cause. It is one of the diseases that does not get the attention it so richly deserves (Alchemist's Association, n. D. ). When advocating for seniors there a wide variety of issues confronting those with Alchemist's such as housing, finding the right caregiver, medical concerns, and social issues.One of the plans is to decide tit the family if the patient has family how to take of this task (Alchemist's Association, n. D. ). My plan would be to first find agencies and resources, to discuss the plan with an altercate expert and explain my concerns for the client. A decision must be made on whether the client is able to remain home with family and a caregiver or be moved to an assisted living resident that is suited for Alchemist's patients Whether at home or in a senior facility plans must be made carefully.Issues that might occur are things such as finances, a caring and experienced caregiver, gal decisions, and if at home the daily living safeties are very important. There are other issues like transportation to a from the doctor's office, or maybe finding an adult daycare. The daycare is a facility where the patient could get involved daily activities that can help with stimulation of the brain along with the medications that he or she is taking. I would also help create a plan with the family, such group sessions, reading material, o r online classes on how to care for their love one.These activities that I mention with the help of love ones can delay the disease process. When my mother was diagnosed with Alchemist's, the family received the help needed, first by making sure she took the cognitive test to see what stage she was in , she was then prescribe the medication she needed, and the resources for the family to deal with the changes that would occur. We received monthly phone calls, brochures on what to look for at each stage of the disease, and Just making sure that we were getting the help we needed.

Security Planning and Assessment - terrorism Essay

Security Planning and Assessment - terrorism - Essay Example Delivered items can include letters, packets and parcels and may contain explosive or incendiary devices, sharps or blades, offensive materials, chemical, biological or radiological (CBR) materials or devices. Anyone receiving a suspicious delivery is unlikely to know exactly which type it is, so procedures should cater for every eventuality. A delivered item will probably have received fairly rough handling in the post and so any device is unlikely to function through being moved, but any attempt at opening it may set it off. In contrast, even gentle handling or movement of an item containing CBR material can lead to the release of contamination. Unless delivered by courier, an item is unlikely to contain a timing device. Delivered items come in a variety of shapes and sizes; a well-made one will look innocuous but there are many possible indicators that a delivered item may be of concern. Bulky deliveries (e.g. office equipment, stationery and catering supplies) are also a potential vulnerability. This risk can be reduced through measures such as: matching deliveries against orders, only accepting those which are expected; using trusted suppliers wherever possible; maintaining vigilance; inspecting deliveries. Although any suspect item should be treated seriously, remember that the great majority will be false alarms and a few may be hoaxes. Try to ensure that your procedures, while effective, are not needlessly disruptive. A properly conducted risk assessment should give you a good idea of the likely threat to your organisation and indicate precautions you need to take; seek advice from your local police Counter Terrorism Security Adviser (CTSA) on the threat and appropriate protective measures. Ensure that all staff who handle and open mail and other deliveries are and remain aware of the possible indicators that a delivered item may be of concern, and the appropriate action upon discovery of any suspicious delivered item. While this advice applies particularly to staff in post rooms, it is also relevant to all staff who may be the recipients of such items, as well as staff at entrances who may receive hand and courier delivered items. Train staff who open significant volumes of post to do so with letter openers and with minimum movement, to keep hands away from noses and mouths and always to wash their hands after such work. Staff should not blow into envelopes or shake them. There is much debate about the use of washing and shower facilities in the event of the release of a suspected CBR material. What is best to do in this regard depends on the nature of the material - the emergency services are best placed to make such judgments. Advice on initial action upon discovery of any suspicious delivered item therefore excludes such advice but recommends that those directly affected are moved to a safe location close to the incident, keeping these individuals separate from those not involved. The only instance where thorough washing is advised is if an individual suffers discomfort following contact with what appears to be a corrosive solid or liquid; copious amounts of water should be used.Encouraging regular correspondents to put their return address on each item, and in particular to provide advance warning of

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY SUMMARY Assignment

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY SUMMARY - Assignment Example The corporation’s vision is to be the customer’s favorite place, hence the best fast food corporation globally. However, this vision is achievable if the firm fully embraces Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) whereby currently it has instituted programs towards in each state. This study will discuss in detail about McDonald’s corporation how it exercises its CSR and some of the areas that need improvement for it to realize its vision. When it comes to CSR, this firm ensures that it does the best as cited by Kathleen Bannan, who is the CSR senior manager. She contended McDonald’s has evolved in how it handles its CSR with the intention of being unique in the market (Singh, 2010). Hence, achieving its goals seen in its establishment of branches in other states that serve quality products. The firm is always making efforts to safeguard environment by using less energy, hence fewer emissions compared to others that have proved to be great emitters in their locations. For instance, all their trucks run on biodiesel, which is normally reused from spent cooking oil (McDonald’s UK 2011). To safeguard environment, the firm also utilizes LED bulbs and waterless urinals to reduce the amount energy used. Apart from using recycled cardboard boxes, it also recycles its packaging materials, hence saving on packaging costs (Lee & Kotler, 2013). Due to its involvement in charitable activities, the company has build it reputation besides fame especially among the youths who love snacks. One program under its organizations is the HACER launched in attempt to minimize schools’ dropout which was on the rise especially among Hispanic students (RMHC, n.d). McDonald’s also gives accommodation to families who have children in hospital through the â€Å"home away from home† program (RMHC, n.d). Despite achievements that the

Critical Analysis of Andre Dubu's The Curse Essay

Critical Analysis of Andre Dubu's The Curse - Essay Example However, he continues to be remorseful and is overcome by self-doubt. He keeps thinking that he should have done something to stop the rape. His words, â€Å"I should have stopped it. I think I could have stopped it† highlight his feelings at that time. The central idea of the story is that man himself has to define what is right and honorable. One cannot always make the right choice between right and wrong. Sometimes one ends up making a safe decision in the name of right decision and this choice may become difficult to live with. This is exactly what happens to Mitchell in this story. The story revolves round the struggle the hero goes through as he tries to perceive the difference between doing the right thing, not being able to do the right thing and not doing anything. Andre Dubus uses an unconventional plot and places his characters in real life situations to explore his theme.. In this story like many of his other stories all his characters are well-meaning characters. They face situations that challenge their beliefs and face ethical questions such as self-interest, duty, truth, etc. The main character of the story is Mitchell. The story revolves around him and at the end of the story he is transformed from a carefree man into a man consumed by remorse and guilt. He feels old at the end of it all. Dubus describes his condition thus: â€Å"He did not know what it was like to be very old †¦ but he assumed it was like this: fatigue beyond relieving by rest, by sleep.† (Andre Dubus). Was Mitchell right in not doing anything? There are many factors to be taken into consideration if one had to decide whether Mitchell was right or wrong in not doing anything to stop the rape. Factors such as moral values of a person, the element of risk an d one’s natural instincts have to be considered. But in the end it is the given situation which determines how we act. In Mitchell’s case the situation was such that "doing the right

Handling customer complaints in hospitality Essay

Handling customer complaints in hospitality - Essay Example This essay examines the various ways through which resources and activities can be reconfigured to accommodate and reduce variability in the handling of customer complaints. CAPACITY The main structural features of hospitality have significant implications for the management of operations in the sector. These structural factors also influence the nature of operations in hospitality. The most important of these structural considerations are related to the effect of seasonality on demand for the hospitality industry (Hayes, 2011). Most activities that are attractive to tourists also play a significant role in leisure consumption at the local level are highly seasonal in terms of feasibility and entertainment. Take Skiing as an example, it plays a role in both tourism and leisure, and at the same time an activity confined to winter and as such localities and operations relating to the provision of facilities and services are time limited (Hill, 2012). Likewise, outdoor activities depend on warm weather such as water sports are limited to summer unless one is in the tropical and sub-tropical locations. Most of the time ‘the operational season’ can be exceedingly short in ‘extreme’ tourism destinations, lasting between six weeks to two months. During which time suppliers seek to maximize on profits from tourism activities to generate sufficient income to cover the full year (Sloan, 2009) However, these structural considerations extend beyond seasonality. Location and distance from key centers of population, while essentially geographical in nature, may lead to the impact of peripherals on hospitality provision (Barrows, 2009). Peripheral locations suffer poor communications and access, and incur competitive disadvantage associated with destinations that offer the same opportunities and facilities, but found closer to the main urban areas with near excellent transport points. For example, Island locations have been the subject of wide study due to the specific influence that insularity brings on the performance and nature of the hospitality sector. Maintaining operations in remote areas can bring in  a challenge in hospitality (Jones, 2002). SERVICESCAPE AND PROCESS DESIGN The business ownership within the hospitality industry can be termed as another operational consideration. The weighing scale between large, chain-owned multiples and small, independent operators in the hospitality industry outlines the way the industry operates and how businesses are shaped (Krajewski). In most parts of the developed world there is a trend of increasing multiple operation and ownership, either by means of various forms of management or franchise or a direct model. This enacts requirements and standards on the operational standards adopted in these businesses. In other destinations mainly in the developing world, hospitality operations experience substantial contrast between micro operations of local entrepreneurs and big multinati onal operations in terms of market activities food or souvenir. Some states in the developing world that have pushed forward the early stages of growth in hospitality based on multinational investment currently recognize the importance of micro businesses to the future sustainability of the hospitality industry (â€Å"Managing service quality†). In hospitality customer expectations vary considerably across the sector on the basis of the type of business, where it is located, and the price-value benefit that

Frank Lucas involement with the mob in the movie American Gangster Essay

Frank Lucas involement with the mob in the movie American Gangster - Essay Example And in order to achieve that, he got his 100% pure dope directly from source in Bangkok, where opium plants were also cultivated. Accordingly, he could sell this high quality dope at a lower price. He branded his own product as â€Å"Blue Magic† which became the number one brand of heroin in Harlem and other cities in the US. Frank Lucas: The "Original American Gangster† 3 Frank Lucas: The "Original American Gangster† And His Conflict with Italian Mafia 1â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, the State will show and you will hear that Frank Lucas is the most dangerous man walking the streets of our city† - Det. Richie Roberts. Frank Lucas is one of the most successful heroin importers in US. What made Frank being successful was his unique marketing strategy. He thinks and acts like an executive officer. He realized that he could only achieve success once he breaks the monopoly of Italian Mafia held in New York. In order to do that, he went to Bangkok, Thail and and directly contracted with the supplier. As a result, he was sure to have 100% heroin and he could even distribute it at a lower price by cutting off the middlemen. Frank Lucas was then one of the most intellectual US heroin dealers who also created his own business empire, a crime organization operated in Harlem during the late 1960s and early 1970s. 1 â€Å"He's structured his organization to protect him in the same way† - Det. Richie Roberts. Frank builds his empire with family, uprooting brothers and cousins. Frank Lucas branded his very own product as â€Å"Blue Magic† which he guaranteed to be 98 – 100% pure. â€Å"Blue Magic† which has a really good quality was sold at a cheaper price compared with the other products. It eventually became famous and even hit the top of the competition, which also distressed the monopoly of Italian Mafia. This was alarming for Italian Mafia. And so Dominic Catanno from the same gang met up with Frank to talk a bout the monopoly and the other dairy farmers or the other drug dealers who were left behind the competition. And so at the end of their discussion, they had a deal that Frank will consider distributing them his very own â€Å"Blue Magic† at $50,000 per Kilo. Frank Lucas: The "Original American Gangster† 4 In the film I didn't really see too many conflicts between Frank and the Mafia except for an issue on drug monopoly. Since the Italian Mafia do not want any competition as what Dominic Cattano said â€Å"1No, I just think monopolies were made illegal in the country, Frank, 'cause nobody wants to compete, you know. Nobody wants to compete, not with a monopoly.† Just as the nature of monopoly, where there is a single distributor to eliminate competition and prices are set and manipulated. However, Frank as free and fearless as he is does not like the idea. He rather dealt with Mafia being their supplier of â€Å"Blue Magic† rather than getting into monopol y with them. My perception of Frank Lucas base on his conflict with Mafia is he is not only fearless, but he is also smart and he knows what success means and how to get it right. He has a very strong will and a strong character that also attributed to his great success. And I think, this great success still turn Mafia as his enemies in the end as the group almost killed his wife. 1â€Å"Success. It's got enemies. You can be successful and have enemies or you can be unsuccessful and have friends.†

A comprehensive business plan for a new start-up venture Essay

A comprehensive business plan for a new start-up venture - Essay Example The head quarters is expected to be run by a total of 5000 employees comprising those in the production unit, assemble plant and various positions of marketing. Each distribution shop is expected to have 3 shopkeepers. The mission of the company is to become the gateway to academic success for students at all levels of education in the UK, especially those at the pre-tertiary level who hardly have any opportunity of owning their own Tablet PCs. The company’s business composition comprises three major aspects of work, which are production, marketing and servicing. For each of these components of business, the company has different capabilities, which are spread across different stages of the company’s lifeline. These are briefly summarised in the table below Different components of business are expected to be made up of different personnel in terms of numbers, qualification, job type, and job description. There shall however be no specific requirements by way of gender. The table below outlines the number personnel and qualifications needed for each component by timeline of the company. The three major components are going to be managed by different hierarchies of managers, administrators and supervisors. The hierarchy is needed to make the practice of organisational reporting easier and free flowing. The chart below gives an overview of the organisational hierarchy to be in place at the workplace The product named Slate is a basically an academic Tablet PC. This means the product can be described from two major perspectives, which are academic and Tablet PC. The academic component is simply made of both pre-installed and customised educational tools. The pre-installed educational tools focus on school based syllabus for different courses at different stages of education. At the secondary level for example, there will be syllabus on courses such as Biology, Geography, Home Science, etc. The tablet component is basically a

Social Development of Late Adulthood Essay Example for Free

Social Development of Late Adulthood Essay The Social Development in Late Adulthood LaTricia R. Scott BHS 325 May 20, 2013 Jane Winslow, MA, LMFT Social Development in Late Adulthood Late Adulthood is a time in people’s lives when they come to terms with their lives and reevaluate what they have done or accomplished in the lieu of what they still would like to accomplish for the remainder of their lives. During this stage of life adults around the ages of 65 begin to experience a variety of changes in their physical appearance and a decline in their health. The process of aging in an individual occurs at different speeds and during this stage older adults are being treated as second-class citizens especially by younger adults. The skin begins to wrinkle at an accelerated rate, the senses lose their acuity, and the voice becomes less powerful. Other physical changes occur like the loss of teeth, bones become brittle, joints become stiff, and the graying of hair. Cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood are the loss of memory, mostly the working memory or short-term memory. In general, those in later adulthood are less able to integrate numerous forms of information at once. Though late adulthood has its challenges it can often be a time of rewarding experiences with family, friends, and reconnecting socially to the world. This paper will address the changes in late adulthood and help potential clients and their family’s better understand this stage of life and how to proactively deal with all the changes. Role and Social Position In late adulthood our society sees older adults as useless and non-existent, older adults have transitioned from operating as productive and viable workers in the workforce to facing the myths that older adults are less productive, out of touch, and incompetent. During this stage older adults begin to retire from their lifetime jobs and find the current workforce to be very intimidating and discriminatory. Living Accommodations Adjustment from Work to Retirement Female Menopause is when every woman stops menstruating and can no longer bear children. Menopause happens due to the decrease of estrogen in the female body which then leads to the Marriage, Family, and Peer Relationships Social Policies Conclusion In middle adulthood there are many changes that occur physically, psychologically, and socially as explained in the above passages. Yet, some say that this is the best time of their life, they experience enhanced self-confidence, great sex lives, career success, and enhanced brain functions. Middle age adults are better equipped to make better life choices and decisions and not worry so much about the negative parts of life. Their problem solving skills are greater which allows them to reason more creatively. They are able to enjoy sex freely without the worries of getting pregnant and they feel more confident with their partners. In general they are happier about life and look forward to enjoying the rest of their lives. References Dale, O. , Smith, R. , Norlin, J. M. , amp; Chess, W. A. (2009). Human behavior and the social indent second line of references please environment: Social systems theory (6th Ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Drury, K. (2009) 12 Steps of Middle Adulthood. Welcome to Middle Age. Retrieved from http://www. rurywriting. com/keith/development. middle. age. htm Zastrow C. H. amp; Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2010). Understanding human behavior and the social environment (8th Ed. ). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole * References Duncan, R. (2010) Education. Com: Family Characteristics of Children Involved in Bullying. Retrieved from http://www. education. com/reference/article/Ref_Family/ MBNBD (2009) Bul lying Statistics Retrieved from http://www. bullyingstatistics. org/ Stepp, D. (2010) Bullying: The Family Connection Retrievedfromhttp://familymatters. vision. org/FamilyMatters/bid/34439/Bullying-the-Family-Connection

A Literature Review On Adventure Tourism Tourism Essay

A Literature Review On Adventure Tourism Tourism Essay Adventure tourism has become more popular as an outdoor recreation activity in the tourism industry (Travel Industry Association of America, cited 2005). The term adventure can actually mean differently to different tourists because things that fill up the fear of one tourist may not fill up for another tourist (Buckly, 2006). Therefore, there is no any specific way to define adventure tourism. The word adventure is described as the risky activities in nature that are taken on by the tourist or the risky destination visited by the tourist and the tourist get an exciting and unusual experience from what the tourist had did (Farlex, The Free Dictionary). Adventure also is where the participants voluntarily putting themselves in a position that the participants believe that they are taking a step into the unknown where challenges will be faced and something valuable from the experience will be discovered or gained (Swarbrooke, Beard, Leckie, and Promfret, 2003). Consequently, adventure tourism is something related to nature and it is consisting of risk taking. Muller and Cleaver (2000) (cited in Swarbrooke et al. 2003, p. 29) defined adventure tourism as the capability to provide tourists with relatively high degrees of sensory stimulation. It is usually contained some physical challenging elements with the (typically short) tourists experience. While Buckley (2006) mentioned that the term adventure tourism is used to mean as guided commercial tours where these major attraction is an outdoor activity that has natural environment features and normally needs specialized sporting or equipment. It must be exiting for the tourists also. This definition does not mean that the tourists or clients have to prepare the equipments themselves, they may purely be travellers and rely on the agents to prepare the equipments for them. For example, tandem parachute harness or white water raft, etc. Therefore, adventure tourism can refer to activities done by the tourists, which have high level of perceived or real risk like diving, hiking, mountaineering, mountain biking, caving, sky-diving, skiing, snowboarding, white water rafting, kayaking, sailing, and sea kayaking. It also refer to a specific location of place with high degree of risk such as visiting desserts, jungles or mountaintops, polar regions and safaris. All these places have strong elements of adventure. Adventure tourism can be divided into soft adventure and hard adventure. These terms are developed by researchers who devised a scale to explain the diversity of behaviour, beginning with mild adventure also known as soft adventure at one end of the scale and progress to hard adventure at the other extreme. This continuum, illustrate in Figure 1.1, involves different degrees of challenge, uncertainty, setting familiarity, personal abilities, intensity, duration and perceptions of control (Lipscombe, 1995: 42). A simpler way to describe soft and hard adventure is that soft adventure does not necessarily require past experience whereas hard adventure requires some experiences and proficiency in the activity prior to the tourism experience (Millington and Locke, 2001). Hard Adventure Refers to activities with high levels of risk, requiring intense commitment and advanced skills. Soft Adventure Refers to activities with a perceived risk but low levels of real risk, requiring minimal commitment and beginning skills; most of these activities are led by experienced guides. Figure 1: The continuum of soft and hard adventure (source: Hill, 1995, cited in Beard et al. 2003, p. 33). Tourist behaviour is an in-depth topic as the behaviour of tourist change from time to time and sometimes it can be difficult to judge because not everyone shares the same behaviour. In order to understand tourist behaviour, psychologists have found that certain concepts are useful to understand the behaviour (Bhatia, 2006). According to Bhatia (2006), tourist behaviour can be understand by determining the motive, drives, or concerns being satisfied by the action and the attitudes and information that the person use to decide what kind of response should be made in a given situation. Motivation is one ways to describe tourist behaviour. Motivation is a verb derive from motivate Motivation is factor that influence or motivate trekkers to travel to Everest Base Camp. Motivation is defined as a reason or reasons for acting or behaving in a particular way or the desire or willingness to do something (Oxford online Dictionary). Hence, motivation of travel is why tourists travel to a place . It is important to know tourist travel motivations because motivations will affect travel decision process (Crompton and McKay, cited in Pan 2009, p. 216) and motivations are drivers that influence and affect the specific behaviour of a person or traveller. Furthermore, it also helps to develop strategies to attract tourists to a particular destination by understanding tourist behaviour. For example, travel agent or local authorities can find a way to increase the volume of tourists visiting a destination by understanding the tourist behaviour when the destination is kind of new in the tourism market or the number of tourists in the destination had decreased. Travel motivation is a wide theory where it can not be understood by looking at one part of the theory only. Figure 2: The Motivation Process (source: Holloway, Humphreys Davidson 2009, p.62). The process of translating a need into motivation to visit a specific destination or undertake a specific activity is quite complex and can be best demonstrated by means of a diagram (refer to Figure 2) (Holloway, Humphreys Davidson 2009, p.62). Potential consumers must be able to recognize their needs and wants and know what kinds of product actually satisfy their needs. Figure 2 shows that consumer perception of what will satisfy their need has to match with consumer perception of the attractions. Only when the consumer agrees on these 2 points, consumer will be motivated to visit a particular destination. For example, customer A and customer B have the same kind of need, where both of them like to do adventure activities and their think that trekking up to a mountain satisfies their need. Both customer A and B have the same interest but their perception on a particular destination may be different. Customer A may think that trekking to Mount Everest actually fulfils what he wants and his perception towards the destination is positive. While customer B may think that trekking to Mount Everest fulfil what he wants but he has a bad perception towards the destination as he think that the destination is very risky to him. Therefore, customer A will be willing to buy the package and climb up to Mount Everest because both the perception of the need and the attraction match. Customer B will not be motivated to go to Mount Everest as the perception of need and attraction do not match. According to Beerli and Martin (cited in Correia, Valle and Moco 2007, p. 46), motivation is the needs that drives and individual to act in a certain way to achieve the desire satisfaction. Therefore, people travel base on many different reasons. Motivation has also been referred as psychological / biological needs and wants including integral forces that arouse, direct, and integrate a persons behaviour and activity (Dann; Pearce; Uysal Hagan, cited in Shin 2009, p. 32). Travel motivators are the factors that create a persons desire to travel and are usually the internal psychological influences affecting individual choices (Bhatia, 2006). Travel motivations usually include a wide range of personal experiences and behaviours. Various studies have been done to find out why people wish to travel after the advent of mass tourism, especially after the Second World War. Macintosh (cited in Bhatia 2006) has group the basic travel motivators into four categories. Physical motivators, which are related to physical relaxation, refreshment of body and mind, sports, pleasure, and special medical treatment. All these are connected with individuals bodily well beings and connected to activities which help to reduce tension. Cultural motivators, which are related to individuals desire to travel in order to know more about other countries, natives of the countries and cultural heritage of the countries which expressed in art, music, dance, folklore, etc. Interpersonal motivators, which are related to individuals desire to meet new people, visit friends and relatives, and to seek new and different experiences. Travel is simply to escape from the daily routine or get away from the usual life or environment. Status and prestige motivators, which are related to the needs of personal esteem and personal development in an individual. Such motivators are more likely to be concerned with the desire for recognition and attention from others, in order to boost personal ego. Under this kind of motivations, people usually travel for business, for the purpose of education and the pursuit of hobbies. Crandall (cited in Hall Page 1999) who did a study on the motivations of the leisure travellers, outlined 17 motivational factors which derived from a synthesis of previous studies in this field. Below are the 17 motivational factors listed by Crandall. 1 ENJOYING NATURE, ESAPING FROM CIVILISATION To get away from civilisation for a while To be close to nature 10 RECOGNITION, STATUS To show other I could do it So other would think highly of me for doing it 2 ESCAPE FROM ROUTINE AND RESPONSBILITY Change from my daily routine To get away from the responsibilities of my daily life 11 SOCIAL POWER To have control over others To be in a position of authority 3 PHYSICAL EXRCISE For the exercise To keep in shape 12 ALTURISM To help others 4 CREATIVITY To be creative 13 STIMULUS SEEKING For the excitement Because of the risks involved 5 RELAXATION To relax physically So the mind can slow down for a while 14 SELF-ACTUALISATION (FEEDBACK, SELF-IMPROVEMENT, ABILITY UTILISATION) Seeing the results of your efforts Using a variety of skills and talent 6 SOCIAL CONTACT So I could do things with my companions To get away from other people 15 ACHIEVEMENT, CHALLENGE, COMPETITION To develop my skill and ability Because of the competition To learn what I am capable of 7 MEETING NEW PEOPLE To talk to new and varied people To build friendships with new people 16 KILLING TIME, AVOID BOREDOM To keep busy To avoid boredom 8 HETEROSEXUAL CONTACT To be with people of the opposite sex To meet people of the opposite sex 17 INTELLECTUAL AESTHETICISM To use my mind To think bout my personal values 9 FAMILY CONTACT To be away from the family for a while To help bring the family together more Table 1: Crandalls list of motivations. Source: Crandall 1980 (cited in Hall Page 1999). Pearce (cited in Pan 2009, p. 218) who had based and expanded on the theory of Maslows hierarchy of human needs, first developed the travel career ladder approach to travel motivation in 1988 and later made conceptual adjustment to the travel career ladder in 2005. The fundamental nature of this model connects the level of travel experiences with the hierarchy of travel needs. According to Pearce (cited in Pan 2009, p. 218), travellers who had more experiences in travel usually seek experiences that meet their higher order of travel needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization. On the other hand, inexperienced travellers will tend to seek experiences that meet their basic travel needs such as security and psychological ones. Tourism industry is a services industry and the products which offer in tourism industry are intangible. It is widely known that to travel is to experience. Consequently, tourist experience is fundamentally a service experience. The five level of travel career ladder, starting from the bottom are (1) concern with biological needs (including relaxation), (2) safety and security needs or level of stimulation, (3) relationship development and extension needs, (4) special interest and self-development needs, and (5) fulfilment of deep involvement needs which formally defined as self-actualization (Pearce cited in Marafa, Ho Chau 2007, p.8). This travel career ladder is later presented graphically by Ryan (cited in Marafa, Ho Chau 2007, p.8), refer to figure 3. It is not necessary that everyone has to start from the bottom because people change from time to time and some may try to seek for activities which satisfy high level of needs in pursuit of leisure and recreation (Marafa, Ho Chau, 2007). Figure 3: Travel Career Ladder by Ryan (cited in Marafa, Ho Chau 2007, p. 9). Another theory which often use by researchers when describing travel motivations is the push and pull theory. This theory shows that people travel because they are pushed and pulled to travel by some factors. Dann (cited in Pan 2009, p. 219) whom had combined and analyzed the relevant travel motivation literature, concluded that travel occurs due to the internal factors of indentified and unfulfilled desires (motivational push) and reinforce by external factors which is destination pull. Push factors are either internally generated or externally induced (Dann, cited in Pan 2009, p. 218). The desire to conquer a mountain by reaching the summit of the mountain is one of the examples of push factors. While pull factors are related to the attributes of the destination that serve to satisfy the needs and wants of travellers. Several authors assume that internal and external factors are factors that motivate human behaviour. For example, Kotler (cited in Correia, Valle and Moco 2007, p. 46) states that motivations can be the result of internal and external stimuli. Internal factors are factors derive from personal needs and wants such as psychological, social egocentric, self-actualization and safety. While external factors are usually result from promotion and publicity. Travel motivation can be either personal (personal training, compensation rest and knowledge) or interpersonal (resulting from social relation) (Crompton, 1979; Dann, 1977; Yoon and Uysal, 2005, cited in Corriea et al. 2007, p.47). Iso-Ahola; Ryan Glendon (cited in Pan 2009, p. 219) argued that travel motivation is closely related to leisure motivation and the former should not be studied independent of the latter. Iso-Ahola (cited in Alexandris, Kouthouris, Funk Giobani 2009, p. 482) defined tourism motivation as a meaningful set of mind which adequately disposes an actor or a group of actor to travel. Approach (seeking) and avoidance (escaping) are the two components in leisure motivation, identified by Iso-Ahola. Therefore, people travel in order to seek friendship, novelty, challenge, achievement, experience, and etc. while at the same time escape from the daily routine or personal problems. While Ryan Glendon (cited in Pan 2009, p. 219) applied an abbreviated version (14 items) of the Leisure Motivation Scale of 1,127 United Kingdom holidaymakers and identified four motivation factors from the scale which were intellectual, social, competence mastery and stimulus avoidance. The first three factors could be categorized as seek components and the last factor as escape component. Crompton (cited in Kao, Patterson, Scott, and Chung 2008, p. 18) studied travel motivation by using push and pull model and developed seven socio-psychological or push motives (escape from a perceived mundane environment, self-exploratory, relaxation, prestige and regression, enhancement of kinship relations, facilitation of social interaction) and two cultural motives or pull motives (novelty and education). This study refers to motives which are more specific and direct that can affect tourists decision on the travel decision or the type of holidays (Crompton, cited in Corriea et al. 2007, p.47). The author identify that psychological or social motives (push motives) sustain the desire to travel. While on the other hand, travel decision if affected by pull motives and pull motives are also associated to the destinations characteristic (Lundberg, cited in Corriea et al. 2007, p.47). A study was done to explore the motivations and satisfactions of Taiwanese Tourists who visit Australia (Kao, Patterson, Scott, and Chung, 2008). Push and pull approach was used to find 17 push motivations and 18 pull motivations for travel in this study. The most important push factor found in this study is Travelling around the world, while the most important pull factor is sunshine and scenery and most of the Taiwanese tourists are satisfied after visiting Australia. Study done by Chang (2007) on travel motivation of package tour travellers suggested that socio-psychological needs were an important motivation for travel, and socio-economic considerations were regarded as a crucial motivation for travel decision making. Furthermore, social relationships friends or relatives recommendations had a strong impact in the decision makings of the Taiwanese travellers (Chang, 2007). This study was done to examine travel motivations and travel decision-making of Taiwanese tourists with a g roup package tour abroad. Therefore, it can be said that tourists travel to a destination is strongly influenced by their socio-psychological needs. Tourist builds his/her perceptions based on intrinsic and extrinsic motivations (Gartner, 1993; Dann, 1996; Baloglu, 1997; cited in Corriea et al. 2007, p.47). Everyone receives and processes information differently. Therefore, individuals perception is also formed differently base on how the information is received and transformed. According to Oxford online dictionary, perception means the ability to see hear, or become aware of something through senses or the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Perceptions are also defined as the perceived value of product by many previous researchers (Correia and Crouch, 2004; Correia et al., 2007C; Holbrook, 1996; oh, 2000; Sheth et al., 1991; Zeithaml, 1998; cited in Correia and Pimpao 2008). This concept develops based on cognitive and behavioural perspectives which result from the learning and motivational processes rendered by the tourist. Therefore, perception is the point of views about what the tourist think ab out the destination. Perception of a destination is linked to the destination image. Based on the image of the destination, perception of the destination will be generated and each tourist will have their own perception about the destination. Destination image is described as overall perceptions of individuals regarding a place or total set of impressions about a destination (Bigne et al., 2001; Fakeye and Crompton, 1991; cited in Alvarez and Korzay 2008). Destination image is usually formed through media, either positive or negative images. This is based on how the country promotes the destination in its country and through world news, people can easily know the problems or issues in the country. Hence, the destination image will be easily affected and it changes over time because people build up the destination images and representations based on the information that they receive (Avraham, 2000; So ¨nmez and Sirakaya, 2002; cited in Alvarez and Korzay 2008). In 21st century, internet is the most powe rful media that affect customers perception and destination image. In the world of internet, people can easily source for information regarding the destination and leave comments on the blogs or travel discussion forums after visiting the destination. Therefore, people nowadays not only listen to their friends past travel experiences but also read the worldwide tourists experiences from travel blogs or travel discussion forums. It is important to know what Malaysian trekkers think about Everest Base Camp which can be risky. Corriea et al. (2007) did a research on why people travel to exotic places by combining motivations and perceptions. This is the first time and they are the first few researchers that combine motivations and perceptions in order to understand how people can be pushed to travel to exotic places and how they form their perceptions. In this research, Corriea et al. (2007) try to find the relationship between push and pull motivation, push motivation and perception, and pull motivation and perception, based on a group of Portuguese tourists who go to exotic places such as Brazil, Morocco, Egypt, Sao Tome, and Principe. This study proves that perception of tourist destinations are formed based on push and pull factors but the relationship between push factors and perceptions in not significant and this proves that tourist decides to go for travel because he/she need to solve a conflict arousal (rest, social, and intellectual rewards) (Corriea et al. 2007). After that, the tourist will dec ide where to go based on the destination attributes. Destination attributes (pull motives) are seen as the way to solve intrinsic motives (push motives) in this study, but these constructs are not directly related to the overall perceptionof the destination because they are apparently solved when the tourist turns the attention to specific attributes (Corriea et al. 2007). Gnoth (1997) reports that the perception of a destination may be analysed from a cognitive or behavioural perspective. There are several types of perceptions which are cognitive component (which results from the evaluation of the destination attributes) and personal component (which results from the evaluation of the destination attributes) that a person can have, argued by Gnoth (1997). Travel motivation is an extensive researched area in tourism (Pan, 2009). Consequently, there are many theories that describe about tourist motivation to travel suggest by several authors or researchers as different tourist have different mindset and behaviour. Furthermore, there are many forms of tourism and tourists can be clustered into various types of groups. Perceptions of travellers on a particular destination can be unlikely because everyone thinks differently. Due to different in culture and the way they receive and transform the information will affect the perception of the tourists. Conceptual Framework Figure 4: Conceptual Framework Hypothesis Trekking in Everest region is the dream of most of the Malaysians trekkers. Its part of self-fulfillment of the trekkers and they want to challenge themselves as Malaysia does not have mountains which are more than 5000m and Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Malaysians trekkers travel to Everest Base Camp but not to the summit of Mount Everest because budget and time limit them to trek to the summit of Mount Everest. Additional information Objective To know the factors that motivate them to take Everest base camp trek To understand travelers perception on Everest base camp, Nepal as a tourism destination

Two Model Of Shrm Ulrich Model

Two Model Of Shrm Ulrich Model Strategic Human resource management is generally use to make sure that the organisational has well motivated, perfect in their work and committed staff to achieve their goals and objectives of the company. According to Boxall (1996) to improve the strategic human resource management SHRM for the senior managers you need to hire the more experienced qualified and developing their talent in the organisation through improve their basic skills by training and other courses, There are two model of SHRM Ulrich model and Best Practice model. Ulrich Model: Deve Ulrich is the real hero of the Ulrich model in 1997. Ulrich model of the business partnering is very popular in USA and UK and it has influential impact on these countries. Ulrich model is more aspiration for the upcoming HR professionals. He was the master of the human resource management and by using his model the most benefit was more responsible and flexible organisation in HR and it gives the opportunity to HR professional to become a real impressive business partner. (John Storey 2007) Strategic partner: Strategic partner is about of HR practices, activities and initiatives of the global business management and it is the task of HR management and the HR business partners. Strategic partners give the support to the organisation to expand their self in the world. There is example of Tesco who has their strategic partners in their company. Tesco is the biggest company in the UK and they expand their business and they had open their stores in the different countries in Thailand, China, Indonesia e.g. Simons Groups is the strategic partner for Tesco. Simon group is the construction company and they have  £200M a turnover company. Simons group work as a strategic partner in Tesco and they work with the supermarket chain to plan and deliver a number of products in the next few year including the new big stores and extension in distribution. Simon works in Tesco as a accounts director. Ben Brewerton said it is fantastic to work with the biggest retailer in UK and they ar e looking to our offer line with in the Tesco (Construction of Tesco2009). Change Agent: Change agent plays very important role in the organisation and the Ulrich model. Change agent means that making some changes and transaction of the business of the HR capital. The human resource management is the support for the changing activities in daily routine. Human resource management has to make sure that where the changes need to be done. According L. Bhat (2008) Apple become a change in the market in his all his business areas through his different kinds of invention like i-Pods, i-Phone, i-Macs, i-Pad and many more. They are change agent through his insight thinking and decision power of Steve Jobs who was the CEO of apple 1997 to 2009 Employ Champion: In the HR department the employs champion plays the vital role in the organisation. Employ champion means the leader of the all workers in the organisation. The employ champion needs to make sure that all the employees of the company are happy with their job; they feel secure in the company. The employ champion needs to take care of the employees interest and to protect them from the changes which are going in the organisation. Administration Expert:- Best Practice model: Best practice approach performed very well in each condition and by using the best practice approach it can lift the company in his performance and this model can lead the company as superior (Michel Armstrong 11th edition p.34). In best practice models there are some basic elements which will help the organisation to improve the organisational performance and these are. Employs security. Sophisticated selection. Team working and decentralization. High wages linked to organisational performance. Extensive training. Communications and involvement (Pferrer 1988 p.33). There are seven which HR strategies which are formal training system, performance based compensation, internal career ladder, formal training system, employs job security, employee rights and clear structure of jobs these cane help to increase the organisational performance and the best practice model (Delery and Doty 1996 p.34). Comparison: For the senior managers to ensure that they will choose the right models for the effective human resource management. As compare the two models Ulrich model and best practice model for senior managers the Ulrich model plays very important role in the effective human resource managers strategies. There are some drawbacks in the best practice model although this model can help the managers to increase its organisational performance. This model can cause the breakdown of momentum of teamwork, discipline, this model the best practice model create diversity between the employs and the management. In the best practice models they dont have the unity in their HR strategy management. In this model they just ignore the employs need and they just look after the economic performance (Dr. Ernesto Dimaculangan 2006). So as my point of view the Ulrich model is the best choice for the senior manager for the effective human resource management. In the start the Ulrich model is also calle d four-role model. Basically many of the author said that the four-role model and the three step model is same. The main difference in these to model is three legged model is easy to understand and four-role model is difficult to understand. Ulrich had made his mind to change the model in the simplest form that people and organisation can understand and it is easy to understand (Transact HR 2009. Ken article 2011). Most of the scholar like the Ulrich and model and appreciate this model it is simpler to understand and it is very effective and result oriented but some of the scholar have objection on Ulrich model. Reason for the importance of HRM in organisation: Human resource management plays very important role in the organisation. Organisation cant run without the human resource management. Human resource management help the organisation to set the goals in organisation and tell the procedure to the company how to achieve that on time. According to Ruth Mayhew she describes in his article that there are 10 specific areas for the human resource management and those are (Ruth Mayhew on demand media). Selection: Selection means choose the right person in the right place and the right time to the certain job accomplish. In the Vodafone Company the director of HR department using always the new approaches to managing the employees. The HR department give some responsibilities to their managers that they can select the some good employees for the achievement of the goals. HR Development: HR development means give training, conference, academies, meeting to the employee company for the achievement of the goals. The Vodafone Company focuses more on the training to satisfy the customer need. Vodafone delivers a variety of training through e-tools and e-module on cr. Vodafone is setting a new indicator to identify the number of employees and they have also classroom for the training. They had given the training in all department of the company for the achievement of the goals. Recruitment: It involves attracting the right standard of applicant to apply vacancies. Tesco advertise their vacancies in the different ways. Tesco always look at internal talent plan to fill the vacancies. In the internal talent plan they first look at the current employees within the company. If they didnt get any suitable people talent plan or developing on internal management programme. For the external vacancies they had advertise their vacancies through their own website and through their own store notice board. All the applications are made online for the managerial position. The chosen application has been interviewed followed by the attendance at on assessment centre for the final stage of the selection process. Sometime for the harder department they work hard to find the good applicant such as baker, pharmacist. Tesco advertise extremely through these things. Through their own website. Through offline media. Through television. Through radio Through different magazine Placing advertisement on Google. Employees Satisfaction: HR department has made the god relation with the employees which will make them more effective and improve the performance of the employees to achieve their objectives. Strategy: HR department help to improve the strategy of the organisation by using the different tool like strategic planning. HR improves the strategy for the growth of the business and for achieving the organisation goals. Compensation: HR department has to compensate their employees by different methods like if the company is running out with the short of staff and HR need to give some overtime to their staff and compensate them with the extra wages and pick and drop services. Benefits: HR department can give the benefits to the employees and by giving these benefits they can reduce their cost. HR can give the benefits in shape of increment, bounces and pension. If the HR will not give the benefits to the employees then the employees will de-motivate from this company and look for best offer which is offered from other company. Then the HR has to do recruitment again and it will increase in their expenses. Safety: HR department have to make sure that all the safety measures should be active and maintain in all the time. For the staff the HR department must sure that the employees work in the safe condition and they have a good environment in the working place of the workers. Liability: HR department has a liability to make sure that their employees are working in safe environment. HR department has made sure that their employees are not harassed and no discrimination in the working places. If these thing happen in then the employees will be de-motivate and then it is difficult to achieve their goals. Compliance: HR department has to make sure that all the employees have right documentation of their work. HR department has to compliance with the international employment laws of the country. Explanation and analyses of HRM: The Human Resource Cycle: Rewards Selection Performance Appraisal Training Source: Fombrun Tichy et al (1984) This framework helps the SHRM department to the weak point of the companies. By using this framework they have set their objectives in the companies. This framework has a cycle for HR department which they have to follow in the companies (Michel Armstrong 2003 9th edition P. 22) . Selection: Selection means choose the right person in the right place and the right time to the certain job accomplish. In the Vodafone Company the director of HR department using always the new approaches to managing the employees. The HR department give some responsibilities to their managers that they can select the some good employees for the achievement of the goals. HR Development: HR development means give training, conference, academies, meeting to the employee company for the achievement of the goals. The Vodafone Company focuses more on the training to satisfy the customer need. Vodafone delivers a variety of training through e-tools and e-module on cr. Vodafone is setting a new indicator to identify the number of employees and they have also classroom for the training. They had given the training in all department of the company for the achievement of the goals. Appraisal: Appraisal means how well employees doing job. Vodafone employees are working very hard for the achievement of goals due to training, meeting with the employees, improve the skills of the employees and make them more productivity. Managers also deliver the presentation thats why company built relationship between employees and manager. Reward: Vodafone is using reward system in the company. They have the different bonuses in the company for the different category of workers. By using this reward system the company can go for success employs are more productive and they are more motivated toward their goals. Performance: Performance means if the people work hard and the HR department, appraisal and reward going well the performance of company or people definitely affect all these factors, all of these factors are inter-related if any one effect all other factors will be effective. Explanation of HRM process and how strategies are developed: The human resource process play very important role in the organisation and human resource management help to build a strategy. The human resource process has different method to use in the organisation to make the organisation successful and those are job analyses, job design, recruitment, selection, training, development, performance management, compensation and employ relation. These are the processes which will help the organisation to achieve his mission goals and objectives (Lee Ross and Pryce 2010). 1. Job analyses: According to Susan M. Heathfield job analyses is used to collect the information from the other resources about its responsibilities, necessary skills and outcomes. It evaluate that what are the requirement of the job and what is its description (Susan M. Heathfield about.com). In HR process job analyses tells the company what kind of job is needed in the company and what are the requirements 2. Job design: In HR process the job design is the next step after the job analyses. In this job design it indicates individual person responsibilities and the contents how he achieve the objective of the company in his job. 3. Recruitment: It involves attracting the right standard of applicant to apply vacancies. In HR process the recruitment department has to recruit that person who has a ability to achieve the company goals and Selection Training Development Performance management Compensation Employ relation HR strategies: HR strategies plays very important role in organisation and HR strategies tell the organisation what to do with the organisation HR policies and procedures. According to Deer and Reeves says that Internally consistent bundles of human resource practices Richardson and Thompson (1999) says that HR strategies has two main key elements which are they must have their own strategic objectives and they have their action plans of the organisation (Michel Armstrong 10th edition 2006). HR strategies help to implement the program in the organisation and it help in the human resource department to make the decision to achieve the objective of the organisation. Human resource department use the HR strategies to set the objectives of the company and human resource strategies ideas how to achieve their objectives. As Grattan (2000) said the in this world there are no great strategies in this world there are only the great execution plans (Michel Armstrong 10th edition 2006). There are two main HR strategies and these are overarching strategies and specific strategies. Overarching HR Strategy: Overarching HR strategies are mostly use in the business and it is very successful hr strategy. Every company want to be at no 1 position by using this stra tegy. Overarching strategy tells the company what step the company has to taken for the organisation can attract and fulfil the need of the people and the company has to make sure that the employees are motivated committed and engaged for the achievement of their goals. According to Boxall and Purcell (2003) said that if the organisation choose the best employees with the best recruitment process then those employees will give the high performance work system and they will create a well disciplined and friendly environment for work which will help to increase their efficiency. Specific HR Strategy: Specific strategies are used in some places of the organisation which are talent management and continuous management. Talent management: Specific HR strategies use in the talent management and the talent management is looking for the great talent which will help them in make the improvement in required department where they need it. Continuous management: It is usually used in many places of the organisation where the management think that some continuous improvement must be done in these areas. This continuous management help the organisation to improve its performance and make their to be at no. 1 position in the market. Role of SHRM for senior managers: The HR managers have keen role in the effective planning and implementation of the policies and decisions that in tune with the business changes. They should act as strategic partners and be proactive in their role than mere reactive, passive spectators. The HT managers should understand how far their decisions contribute to business surplus incorporating human competency and performance to the organisation. Strategic HR managers need a change in their outlook from seeing themselves as relationship managers to strategic resource managers. Kossek (1987, 1989) argues that major HRM innovations occur when senior management takes the lead and adoption of innovative SHRM practices is dependent on the nature of relationship of the HR Department with the CEO and the line managers. Legge (1978) commenting on the actions of the personnel practitioner in the innovation process suggests that adoption of an innovation by an organization depends largely on HR practitioners credibility with inform ation and resource providers. HR Department and HR managers in these innovative organizations play a strategic role (Ulrich, 1997) linking the HR strategy with the business strategy of the organization. A crucial aspect concerning SHRM is the concepts of fit and flexibility. The degree of fit determines the human resource systems integration with organization strategy. It is the role of HR Managers to ensure this fit in between Human Resource System with the Organization Strategy. Conclusion: In writing an article the success of your business is through the effective use of human resource management. There are Ulrich models best practice model, framework and the process of SHRM and the roles by using these tools the senior manager can use the effective human resource management. Task 2 Case study BA has a big problem from last few years with their staff relation problem especially in cabin crew dispute and they have done the strikes. According to Steve Turner unite national aviation officer said Day by day the cabin crew and the deck staff relationship is going worst. BA hired the 1000 volunteer flights attended although they had already strong staff. Willie Walsh is the chief executive of the BA he hired the volunteer air craft, rival airlines, flight attend and volunteer crew member who help the passengers to drop them on their destination. While the strikes are going on they didnt reach to any decision and they had stop talking about this problem (Dan Milmo transport correspondent). Task 2 A: After dispute in the British airways staff and the crew member there are four HR strategies which will help to finish the dispute in cabin crew member. Employees Engagement Employees Retention Employees Development Employees Empowerment Task 2: British Airways merged with Iberia in 2011. Analyse the impact of the merger on strategic HRM at British Airways. There are some of the impacts of merger which are as under: Reduction of Cost: With the merger of these two companies both are enjoying the reduction in cost of operations. It is quite obvious when there is no merger; both of them are incurring some of the fix and variable cost to achieve their objectives but after merger there is no need of duplication of costs. They both can share the resources of each others. Better portfolio: With the help of merger the company has bigger and better portfolio with increase in the number of aeroplanes. Increase in aeroplanes ultimately means that more flights throughout the world. The coverage of flights has also become bigger as they now cover more than 200 destination worldwide and carry over 60 million passenger a year. Improved customer service: In the event of merger the level of customer service increases as these both companies have altogether different cultural values. As a matter of fact the reason behind merger is to grow bigger and this is not possible with the improvement in customer care, therefore to get more business and attracting more customers is only possible with the improved customer service. Combined head abilities/skills: Before the merger both of them have got limited skills and expertise but after merger this goes bigger and they both can enjoy the expertise of each other. For example if the administrative services are better with British Airways than Spanish Airlines, than they can just rely on BA for administrative services. While on the other hand if the Spanish Airlines are better than BA in cabin crew members and technical team, then they will leave these sorts of services for SA and enjoy the specialised services. There are some of the cultural differences which have the impact on the strategic HRM as under: The organisations in UK have the flat hierarchical structure where the gap between managers and workers or employees is very small. Managers directly involve themselves to help out the employees or give direct coaching or supervision. On the other side Spanish companies have a hierarchical structure where the manger plays a parental role. Communication plays very important role in any organisation and communication styles differ from country to country which is very confusing for the other country. Such as British people use indirect language where the Spanish use direct language and express what exactly they are trying to say. It is well known in any trade that those who avail risk enjoy the success and in this merger both the nations have different views about taking risk. British are risk takers and the Spanish are risk aversive. It is very big cultural difference which some time creates big problems in making decisions. It is the precious element in any organisation. This is anot her cultural difference between the both nations. British respect the deadlines and stick to agendas whilst the counterparts reschedule their deadlines. From the studies of both the cultures it is concluded that it is very important to know the demographic characteristics of both the countries before undertaking the mergers and acquisitions. More than 60% of the mergers and acquisitions become unsuccessful because of the lack of studies in cultural differences. Awareness about these characteristic is even more important than PESTEL analysis. To overcome this problem or to reduce the chances of failure cross-cultural training courses could be arranged before the merger to make it more successful. Biblography: Armstrong 2009 11th edition http://monizaharie.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/armstrong_hrmpractice.pdf CIPD Book Strategic HRM July 2012 (sited on 23/10/2012) http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/strategic-human-resource-management.aspx John Storey 2007 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TmsExMtSWB8Cpg=PA30dq=ulrich+model+of+Hrmhl=ensa=Xei=_cqHUMWfLamr0AXXmIHYDAved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=ulrich%20model%20of%20Hrmf=false HR Advice Website Sited on (23/10/12) http://hrmadvice.com/hrmadvice/hr-role/ulrichs-hr-roles-model.html Construction news for Tesco 2009 (sited on 23/10/2012) http://constructionnew.blogspot.com/2009/02/simons-groups-named-partner-for-tesco.html L. Bhat on his smoking apple article on 2008 (sited on 23/10/12) http://smokingapples.com/opinion/apple-change-agent/ Transact HR 2009. Ken article 2011 http://www.articlesbase.com/book-reviews-articles/four-role-model-and-the-subsequent-three-legged-stool-version-4821456.html Ruth Mayhew on demand media (sited on 28/10/2012) http://smallbusiness.chron.com/10-reasons-hr-important-organization-22424.html Michel Armstrong Human Resource Management Practice 2003 9th edition P. 22 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2AGbuhlTXV0Cpg=PA22lpg=PA22dq=fombrun+tichy+and+devanna+model+of+hrmsource=blots=ZlPp0HsRH5sig=a6hVwjt0Rdph1IKpypRLdgtPl10hl=ensa=Xei=Ov6OUJ6LHKTD0QX0qIHICQved=0CE8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepageq=fombrun%20tichy%20and%20devanna%20model%20of%20hrmf=false Lee Ross and Pryce book Human resource and Tourism 2010 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Tkq4q9JXr8MCpg=PA65dq=explain+hrm+processhl=ensa=Xei=_c6NUNKwGOKu0QXW3IGIBgsqi=2ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=explain%20hrm%20processf=false Susan M. Heathfield about.com (sited on 30/10/2012) http://humanresources.about.com/od/jobdescriptions/g/job_analysis.htm Michel Armstrong A handbook of human resource management practice 10th edition 2006 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=D78K7QIdR3UCpg=PA124lpg=PA124dq=hr+strategies+in+michalsource=blots=ehMQNLQ8dUsig=fOSTPIOek9lBHcTuBGmo2DS9tQ8hl=ensa=Xei=rUeQULTVL6er0AW9l4Ewsqi=2ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=hr%20strategies%20in%20michalf=false task 2 Dan Milmo transport correspondent publish on the Guardian march 2010 (sited on 10/11/2012) http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/mar/30/ba-strike-staff-relations-dispute task 2 b Communiciad Blog Sited on (15/11/2012) http://www.communicaid.com/cross-cultural-training/blog/cross-cultural-training/british-airways-gains-a-new-wingman-by-merging-with-iberia-%E2%80%93-a-look-at-the-cultural-challenges-of-this-international-merger-and-acquisition/

Asthma Essay -- Science Scientific Research Essays

Asthma Breathing is a vital process for every human. Normal breathing is practically effortless for most people, but those with asthma face a great challenge. During an asthma attack, breathing is hampered, making it difficult or even impossible for air to flow through the lungs. Asthma is an increasingly common problem, and has become the most common chronic childhood disease. At least 17 million Americans suffer from it(1), and although it can be fatal, it is usually not that severe(4). There is no cure for asthma, but with proper care, it can usually be controlled. As someone with Exercise Induced Asthma, I have personal experience with the topic. I have experienced most of the symptoms described in my research, tried many of the medicines, and have my asthma under control. This essay will first discuss the normal function of the lungs, and then proceed to explain how this is effected by asthma. The causes of the disease and the ways of controlling it will follow. Normal breathing is controlled by the lungs and the chest cavity. Airways are tubes with muscle that contracts and relaxes wrapped around them, and this accounts for the motion of the chest that is associated with breathing. The diaphragm, which is located underneath the rib cage, along with the intercostal muscles, or those in between the ribs, control the movement of the chest cavity(6). When these muscles contract, the chest expands, which lowers the pressure inside the lungs. Since air moves naturally from high to low pressure, the lungs are automatically inflated. In order to exhale, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to become smaller. The decrease in volume causes the pressure in the lungs to go... ...pl/display.cfm?id=2⊂=32#1 4)Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Online,Taking Control http://allergy.mcg.edu/patients/control.htm 5)Children's Medical Center of UVA, How Attacks Happen http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/pediatrics/patients/tutorials/asthma/whydoes.htm 6)Marshall Brain's How Stuff Works Site, Lungs http://www.howstuffworks.com/lung1.htm 7) Marshall Brain's How Stuff Works Site , Lungs Continued http://www.howstuffworks.com/lung2.htm 8)American Lung Association, Five Asthma Medication Groups http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=22542 9)National Jewish Medical and Research Center , Exercise Induced Asthma http://www.nationaljewish.org/error.aspx?type=404 10) Children’s Medical Center of UVA , Treating Asthma http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/pediatrics/patients/tutorials/asthma/treat.htm

Cultural Diversity in the Armenian Community Essays -- essays research

Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cultural context for the Armenian person is the result of upholding and defending a way of life and values that have been maintained for centuries, for perhaps two thousand years. For that reason, although Armenians living in the United States today come from a variety of countries of origin, and may to some extent speak different dialects or even different languages, yet they have many cultural similarities due to centuries of commonality. The cultural similarities among the Armenians can be seen mainly in three different areas: Spirituality, historicity, and family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spirituality refers to the perspective of that which is valued in life, and that which must to be upheld and defended under any and all circumstances, regardless of the social environment and surrounding conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Historicity refers to that which has been traditionally done, the ‘Armenian way of life,’ – both that which is important and perhaps not as important. Whereas spirituality may refer more to ‘content,’ the important values in life, historicity refers more to the living ‘process,’ how the important values in life are attained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Family on the other hand is the everyday living environment within which spirituality and historicity are applied and lived out. ‘Family’ in the Armenian community refers to more than the family of origin or the nuclear family. Instead, it includes both of these along with all of the extended family and even the small surrounding community. These family ties are much more important and influential in the decision making process than would initially appear, therefore, they must be acknowledged and understood. All Armenians may not uphold the same spirituality, historicity, and family values, however, they would still approach life’s decisions based on these cultural categories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Armenians living in the United States, especially those who live in large communities tend to discover opposing trends between the culture in which they were brought up, and those of the dominant culture in which they have to live, work, interface, and survive. Working at the Berjikian Law Firm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vicken Berjikian established the Berjikian law firm in 1983, as a criminal defense and personal injury firm. In the past 17 years the Berjikian Law firm has grown to become established and well known in the Armenian community. The... ...h out and help persons and families. All these lead to better and higher quality, as well as more timely services to clients, and a sense of satisfaction for both the client and the professional.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The relationship between the Armenian client and the legal professional is a complex one. It is full of issues that go beyond giving them legal advice or filing a law suit on their behalf, it includes issues relating to a person’s cultural context. In fact, generally the actual legal issues sometimes become secondary, or at least not as central in the person’s priorities. At the beginning, such a relationship can cause great frustration and waste of time in the legal professional’s attempt to provide the appropriate service. Eventually, these communication issues can cause delays in providing professional service, and lead to extra unnecessary legal expenses. The correct understanding of a client’s cultural situation by the legal professional can lead to a higher quality of service, and lower costs. As difficult and complicated as this situation may sound, it is still not impossible. In fact, most experienced professionals learn over th e years to relate to the Armenian culture.

Human Cloning

Ashley Brackett Biology Ms. Lecco Block 1A Human Cloning: Helpful or Harmful? Human cloning, which was once thought of as the witchcraft involved in fictional stories, is a true thing in the real world. Human cloning involves replicating DNA of one organism into another one (Human Cloning). The controversial topic of cloning is seen by citizens that it could be beneficial for all humans, but by many people it is conceived as immoral and unsafe. Human cloning should not be allowed because the health risks involved, its depraved background, and errors that could occur during the cloning process.Cloning is potentially very dangerous to the clone being formed. For example, in mammalian cloning, at least 95% mammal experimental clones have had miscarriages, stillbirths, and life-threatening anomalies (Reproductive Cloning Arguments). No clones are perfectly healthy and will clearly have difficulty during pregnancies. Pregnancy problems will affect the clone and its child. Also, cloning ca n lead to birth defects to the clones themselves as well (Health Risks). Since clones are scientifically made, their organs are enlarged which is the most common reason for birth defects.Clones are also likely to experience an early death due to their weaker immune system (Health Risks). Clones will experience death possible before normally developed human. Health problems and early death is what makes human cloning unsafe. Along with all the health risks, human cloning is also immoral to a great amount of the populace. Clones are formed because of a nuclear donor and as a result, a clone will never be able to be its own self (Reproductive Cloning Arguments). This will affect a clone’s social development. Making an exact copy of someone is not morally right.Cloning could diminish the sense of uniqueness among human beings (Reproductive Cloning Arguments). People are supposed to have their own personality and physical features. Being an individual is ethical. As well as destro ying a sense of individuality, cloning also would fosters a person’s idea of a human being by how it’s made to how it looks (Reproductive Cloning Arguments). There will be a specific look that all people will believe is perfection. This forms unrealistic images in young children’s minds and also takes away self appreciation.Cloning is immortal and should not be used to create a human being. Cloning is now as an experiment and it is not always perfect. In cloning, many mistakes are made. The most common mistake is DNA imprinting (Health Risks). Improper imprinting on an embryo can lead to organ abnormalities. Because cloning can possibly have errors, a clone is never going to be what it is meant to be which is a copy of a person. Human cloning will never be just right. Human cloning is extremely hazardous, unethical, and can result in many errors. It posts many dangers and makes citizens lose sight of individuality.For these reasons, human cloning should not be a llowed in the United States. Work Cited â€Å"Human Cloning. †Ã‚  Buzzle. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. . Pandey, Kundan. â€Å"Health Risks of Cloning. †Ã‚  Buzzle. N. p. , 16 June 2011. Web. 15     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apr. 2013. . â€Å"Reproductive Cloning Arguments Pros and Cons. †Ã‚  Genetics and Society. Center for     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Genetics and Society, 15 May 2006. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. .

Socratic Seminar Questions (Medea)

Socratic Seminar Questions 1. Do you think Medea should’ve let the children live? If so, who do you think she would’ve chosen and why? If not, why do you think Medea killed the children? I think it was right for Medea to kill the children. The children are a â€Å"product† during Medea and Jason’s relationship. Since Medea feels like Jason betrayed and tainted their relationship, she feels like letting the children not live is like destroying every last remnant of their relationship.She also feels that killing the children would punish Jason and as a mother, she doesn’t want anyone else to harm her own children, so she kills them as a sacrifice. Personally, it was a dour scene of killing the children, but it had a hidden reason into killing the children. 2. What are some major complaints Medea pleas about the treatment of women? Do you think women around the world are still facing these problems? Some of the major complaints Medea pleas about are th at women cannot reject marriage because of the over dominance of men that women don’t have the power to reject or deny marriage.I believe not only Greece, but other countries around the whole world face the over dominance of men over women. Another complaint Medea states is how women are â€Å"bought and sold† by men. Women weren’t slaves back in Greece but Medea emphasizes the point that women are treated like property, being bought and sold. In the present world, there are very few or not even any countries that sell women but are treated like slaves, having limited rights than men. Lastly, she points out women are the â€Å"most unfortunate creatures†. I think the hidden message Euripides is explaining is the deplorable state of females in Greece.I think that there are still countries worldwide, facing the same situations Medea points out to the readers. In addition, I think Euripides wants readers to sympathize the state of women and how they’r e treated. 3. What do you think is the difference between justice and revenge? Did Medea achieve justice or revenge? Why? There is a key difference between the definition of justice and revenge. Justice I think brings termination, an end to something, while revenge results in personal satisfaction and pleasure. Another key difference between both is that justice is what should be done while revenge is what you believe should be done.To sum everything up, justice is selfless and revenge is selfish. I think Medea achieved more of revenge because it was her personal satisfaction and plotting out, punishing Jason for his wrongdoings. In addition, her crave for revenge adulterates her life and her desire for revenge makes her a merciless character. 4. What ways does Medea bring her banishment on herself? There are many signs of how Medea creates banishment for herself. She made herself an exile out of love, leaving her land and killing her father and brother to help Jason in his quest fo r the Golden Fleece. Ironically thought, his betrayal leads her into banishment once more.During many scenes in the play, Medea expresses deep anguish as making herself an exile. She seems especially remorseful about leaving home and killing her father. This distance from Medea to her father is probably the worst feeling of exile she has to withstand. 5. If all people are created equal, then why do you think men have more authority than women according to Medea? One reason I think men would want more authority than women is men want to feel powerful themselves and they want a feel of playing a crucial role to society or a matriarch in a family by obtaining power.Another reason men have more authority than women is how much pressure they can take. Yes, women are smart and have intelligence, but the main problem is that women can’t take as much criticism or types of pressure as men can. That could be why men are mostly leaders of countries, they can take more pressure from soci ety or media than women can. Lastly, I think men have more authority than women is because men are more recognized in creativity. Microsoft, Apple, Google and YouTube are examples of technological inventions by men. Men feel more recognized into their creativity.

Macbeth Critical/ Analytical Study Essay

Guilt is a very strong, uncomfortable feeling that is often a result of one’s own actions. In the play, Macbeth, the author William Shakespeare uses character development to demonstrate how guilt can be self-destructive and ultimately lead to a negative impact on an individual’s mental stability. Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and Macduff all suffer from a guilty conscience which affects them in different ways but ultimately causes them to behave irrationally. A person’s guilt and disgrace has the power to drive them to insanity and sometimes self-destruction. Macbeth starts out as a brave, heroic individual who is widely respected throughout his country. However, behind the valiant image is a secret that is slowly eating away at him. Macbeth is a murderer. The guilt and shame commence when Macbeth allows himself to be manipulated to commit such a beastly act. When he first experiences his guilty conscience, he mistakes the feeling as fear. This is first evident just before he murders King Duncan and Macbeth has a vision of an imaginary dagger. â€Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me,/ the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee.† (2.1.33-34). He realizes that the dagger is just an image in his mind, but decides that it is a result of his fear and continues with the task. This is the first point where Macbeth shows a sign of a mental breakdown, although he is still able to think somewhat rationally. This ultimately evolves into a hardened Macbeth and causes him to continue with his horrific actions until he is out of control. The murder of King Duncan is followed by the murders of many others, including his closest friend Banquo. The build-up of guilt begins the affect Macbeth’s mental state more and more until he can no longer think straight. He begins to hallucinate and on occasion has visions of the ghost of Banquo. The ghost first appears at the banquet, where Macbeth sees the bloody image of Banquo sitting at the dinner table. His horrific reaction alone shows the guilt he has for the murder, and the fact that no other guests at the banquet are aware of the ghost confirms that the ghost has been made up in Macbeth’s head. This is the point at which the mental illness begins to take over, causing Macbeth to behave insanely as well. The guilt and shame of his actions is what in the end destroys him. The murder of Macduff’s family is the main example of how rampant he becomes; it is the unnecessary murder of the complete innocent. Macbeth’s disgrace is obvious near the end of the play, where he informs Macduff that he would not harm him as he is already guilty of murdering his whole family. â€Å"But get thee back; my soul is too much charged/ With blood of thane already† (5.8.6-7). He proves this when he has an opportunity to kill Macduff but instead backs down. This is the point in the play that represents the self-destruction of guilt. Out of revenge, Macduff soon after slays Macbeth, taking his life. With such a build up of guilt and shame driving him to the point of insanity, Macbeth’s mental instability eventually took over and led him to his own destruction. Macbeth’s wife experiences similar guilt, although is affected by it in a different way. Lady Macbeth is the individual who first instigates Macbeth to commit his first crime. She has a considerable amount of ambition for power, and is not afraid to execute any kind of horrific offence in order to get the power she wants. After the murder of the King, Lady Macbeth does not show signs of disgrace like her husband, in fact she tells Macbeth that they need to forget about the crime all together. â€Å"Things without all remedy/ Should be without regard: what’s done is done.† (3.2.13-14). However, guilt still haunts Lady Macbeth, but it haunts her in her subconscious. She makes it clear that she is unable to sleep at night and that she is disturbed by nightmares. Although, Lady Macbeth is only involved with the initial murder of Duncan, the several murders that follow are out of her control. Her idea of covering up and forgetting about the crime is soon taken over by an out of control guilty conscience. She begins to show remorse for the actions, but her guilt is what drives her to her insanity. The point at which this is evident is when she is found sleep walking one night. During her soliloquy, memories of the night of the murder tumble out, revealing some of her guilty secrets. â€Å"The Thane of Fife had a wife. Where is she now?† (5.1.30). â€Å"I tell you again, Banquo is buried; he cannot come on’s grave.† (5.1.44). This is also the point at while Lady Macbeth’s mental instability begins to show. She starts hallucinating that she has blood on her hands from the murder that she cannot seem to wash off. â€Å"Out, damned sport! Out, I say!† (5.1.25). Lady Macbeth’s shame overpowers her, leaving her incapable to think or act rationally and her conscience is what ultimately causes her to take her own life. Lady Macbeth loses control of her emotions and guilt and her shame overwhelms her to the point of suicide. Macduff is another character who is consumed with guilt as well, but for a different reason. His guilt is not for any crimes he has committed, but it is a result of one of Macbeth’s. Macduff leaves his family alone at their house in Scotland, while he travels to England in order to gather forces to stand against Macbeth. Because of this, Macbeth sees him as a threat to his power and does anything he can to stop him, just as he has to any other individuals who came across as a threat. While Macduff is away, Macbeth murders his wife and children, as well as any employees found in his house. Macduff blames himself and feels guilty for leaving his family alone to be slaughtered. â€Å"Sinful Macduff,/ They were all struck for thee! Naught I am,/ Not for their own demerits, but for mine,/ Fell slaughter on their souls.† (4.3.231-234). Macduff then shows his firsts signs of inability to think rationally as a result of this guilt. His immediate reaction Is revenge on Macbeth, and he is then driven by the idea of his murder. Macduff vows to kill Macbeth on his own blade. When he achieves his wish of revenge and frees the country of Macbeth’s tyranny, he does so in a way that was no better than the acts of Macbeth. Even when a person’s guilt is brought upon them by an act which is out of their control, it can still affect their mental state and cause them to lose control of their emotions. No matter the individual, or their title, guilt can take over anyone. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth had guilt that led to their own self-destruction. Macduff’s led to an irrational decision and a result no better than that of Macbeth’s actions. When individuals allow their emotions take over their actions it to a lack of ability to reason, it can drive a person mad and ultimately lead to their own downfall.